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LONDON |
LONDON (Reuters) - Malaria kills more than 1.2 million people worldwide a year, nearly twice as many as previously thought, according to new research published on Friday that questions years of assumptions about the mosquito-borne disease.
Past studies had overlooked hundreds of thousands of deaths because they had wrongly assumed malaria overwhelmingly killed babies and focused their findings on under-fives, said the study by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) in the United States.
The new study, published in The Lancet medical journal, found 42 percent of deaths were actually among older children and adults.
The higher number of victims showed the need to increase funding to fight malaria, even as governments came under pressure to cut their aid budgets amid the global economic crisis, said the researchers.
"You learn in medical school that people exposed to malaria as children develop immunity and rarely die from malaria as adults," said Christopher Murray, who led the study as IHME Director. "What we've found in hospital records, death records, surveys and other sources shows that just is not the case."
In their work, which used new data and computer modeling to build a historical database for malaria between 1980 and 2010, they found that more than 78,000 children aged five to 14, and more than 445,000 people aged 15 and older died from malaria in 2010. This means more than four in 10 of all malaria deaths were in people aged fives years and older.
Overall, malaria deaths worldwide rose from 995,000 in 1980 to a peak of 1.8 million in 2004, before falling again to 1.2 million in 2010, the study found.
The World Health Organization's (WHO) latest global report said the estimated number of malaria deaths fell to 655,000 in 2010, almost half the number in the IHME study.
The WHO, a United Nations agency, said on Friday it stood by its figures and said that much of the data used in the Lancet study had been based on verbal testimony by relatives of how people had died, not on laboratory diagnosis of samples.
"So we would say that again the great majority of deaths would be in children under five and we stand by our estimates," WHO spokesman Gregory Hartl told a news briefing in Geneva.
Both studies showed a downward trend in deaths in recent years, thanks largely to the use of anti-malaria drugs and insecticide-treated bed nets.
The new findings are part of an ongoing series generated by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors 2010 Study. Global trends in child deaths, maternal deaths, breast cancer, and cervical cancer were released last year [ID:nL5E7KF0NP] and more will be released in coming months.
IMPACT
Malaria is endemic in more than 100 countries worldwide but can be prevented by the use of bed nets and indoor spraying to keep the mosquitoes that carry the disease at bay.
Effective malaria drugs known as artemisinin-based combination therapies, or ACTs, can cure the infection but access to these medicines is often hampered in poor countries, where funding is limited and health services are patchy.
The IHME researchers said much of the decline in deaths was down to efforts by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis, which was launched in 2001, and other anti-malaria organizations such as the WHO's Roll Back Malaria campaign.
"We have seen a huge increase in both funding and in policy attention given to malaria over the past decade, and it's having a real impact," said Alan Lopez of the University of Queensland and one of the study's co-authors.
"Reliably demonstrating just how big an impact is important to drive further investments... This makes it even more critical for us to generate accurate estimates for all deaths."
Commenting on the findings, Sunil Mehra, executive director of the Malaria Consortium advocacy group, said they raised "the need to re-think how we deliver healthcare."
"We have to continue to achieve a significant reduction of populations at risk of malaria, therefore control efforts have to be more universal," he said in a statement.
The IHME researchers also warned, as the WHO did in its December 2010 malaria report, that recent gains in the fight against the disease malaria could be reversed if global economic troubles stifle funding efforts.
It said an announcement by the Global Fund in November that it would cancel its next round of funding "casts a cloud over the future of malaria programs.
"If the Global Fund is weakened, the world could lose 40 percent of all the funding dedicated to fighting malaria," said Stephen Lim, also at IHME and a co-author on the study.
(Additional reporting by Stephanie Nebehay in Geneva; Editing by Andrew Heavens)
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ScienceDaily (Feb. 3, 2012) ? Immune cells from healthy individuals can be the new immune cure for cancer. This treatment can kill cancer cells without destroying neighbouring cells. The hope is to eradicate cancer for ever. Today's cancer vaccines are unfortunately not a cure.
"The vaccines are based on stimulating the patient's own defence system to attack the tumour. In spite of the tremendous research efforts over the last decades by researchers all around the world, the results have been limited," comments Professor Johanna Olweus at the Immunology Institute at the University of Oslo. Together with her research team, she has found a completely new way to use the immune system to attack cancer.
"We have found a niche that few other people are aware of. In order to achieve effective treatment the immune system must react strongly. This is difficult with the patient's own immune system."
Instead of making a vaccine that builds up the patient's own immune system, the vaccine utilises a strong immune response from healthy individuals.
"Our studies show that the healthy immune cells attack and kill the cancer cells very effectively."
Own immune cells offer poor resistance to cancer
In order to understand the innovation, it is first necessary to understand why it has been so difficult to produce a vaccine against cancer.
Vaccination against infectious diseases is one of the greatest advances in the history of medicine. The immune system recognises a virus or bacteria as dangerous and foreign. When we vaccinate against a virus for example, a message is sent to the foot soldiers, the T cells, so that they are prepared. Then, any later viral infection can be knocked out by the immune system so quickly that we do not notice.
"However, we have not been able to successfully transfer this technique to cancer," states Olweus in the research magazine Apollon.
Once the cancer has gained a foothold, it lives a relatively peaceful co-existence with the immune system, even though it would desirable for the immune system to react aggressively.
Olweus believes this peaceful co-existence can be explained from an evolutionary perspective.
"The existence of the human race has always been dependent on an immune system that defeats infections. But in contrast to infections, cancer generally affects people after they have had children when survival of the human race is no longer dependent on cancer being defeated by the immune system.
Immune cells commit suicide
Neither is it enough that immune cells identify cancer cells as foreign. Cancer cells must also be recognised as being dangerous. Unfortunately, cancer cells do not give enough danger signals because they only cause slight inflammation. Inflammation is important if the immune system is to react.
"A cancer cell must be both foreign and somewhat dangerous if the T cells are to react. When the T cells do not recognise the cancer cells as dangerous, the T-cells kill themselves. This happens primarily with the T cells which could have given the most effective response."
The explanation is that our immune system tries to protect us against over-reaction to our own tissues. Over-reaction can cause autoimmune diseases such as arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
And as if this wasn't enough, the cancer cells have the abominable property of excreting substances that inhibit the T cells that have survived.
Moreover, most of today's vaccines aim at triggering an immune response against proteins that are present in higher numbers in cancer cells than in normal cells.
The problem is: these are normal proteins that are not normally recognised as foreign, even though there may be a particularly large number of them present in cancer cells.
Difficult mutations
A cancer cell can have hundreds of mutations. A mutation is a change in the DNA strand. These mutations can be recognised as foreign by the T cells.
The problem is that it is very difficult to find the mutations that are common to all patients with one particular type of cancer.
Mutations in cancer cells are generally specific for the individual patient. Thus it becomes difficult to know what to "target."
"However, if it is possible to direct many "weak" T cell responses to a large number of mutations, this could possibly have an effect. This may be the explanation why, in trials on treatment of melanomas, antibodies that remove the "brake" for all types of T cells appear to have a promising effect. But this form of treatment is highly risky because the immune system can run "out of control."
Immune response from healthy people
Today, two types of immunotherapy are used as part of the standard treatment for cancer. These are based on immune responses that are produced outside the patient. When you transfer an immune response to a patient, it's able to function independently of the patient's own weakened immune system.
This has resulted in a number of success stories.
The first type of treatment uses therapeutic antibodies that are made by vaccinating animals with human cells. The antibodies recognise the proteins that are only found on a certain cell type. This treatment is particularly effective in lymphatic cancer, even though the antibodies also kill a certain type of healthy immune cells called B cells. These B cells are an important part of the immune system.
The second type of treatment is a bone marrow transplant from healthy individuals to patients with leukemia or lymphatic cancer. This treatment is highly challenging and can be the patient's only chance of survival.
The transplanted bone marrow contains both blood stem cells and healthy T cells from the donor. These T cells can attack the cancer cells and in the best case cure the patient.
In contrast to the patient's own T cells which have been significantly weakened by the disease, the new and healthy T cells from the donor have not been exposed to "tolerance" over a long period of time. Therefore the T cells do not commit suicide. They react instantly to the foreign immune cells. The explanation is that the chemotherapy and radiotherapy have triggered the inflammation and the danger signals.
"The T cells will be able to recognise the cancer cells as both foreign and dangerous and attack them.
The treatment is effective, but is also so dangerous that it is normally only given to patients younger than 60 who are in good health.
The side effects are large. In three of four cases, the added T cells also attack normal cells in the skin, liver and intestines. In the worst case, the patient can die from the treatment."
Can remove undesired effects
The research group led by Olweus has managed to produce a method that distinguishes between desired and undesired effects.
The results have been published in a number of journals including Leukemia.
"Our method is now being used to produce T cells that kill certain types of cancer cells," researchers say.
In order to produce the desired T cells, they use cells from healthy volunteers. The T cells target a certain protein.
"Then we can use the same principle as that used so successfully in antibody therapy. We target the attack at a given cell type by making these T cells recognise parts of a protein that is only found in this cell type.
The T cells can then kill all cells that contain this protein, both healthy and sick. Normally, T cells do not react to these normal proteins.
"The reason that we can get T cells to recognise such proteins as foreign is our innovative trick: We combine the T cells with foreign tissue type molecules.
Tissue type molecules are found in nearly all cells. They are located on the surface and tell the immune system what is happening in the cell. Thus immune cells, just like the T cells, can receive a message that there is something foreign in the cell that must be killed.
If a patient has a type of lymphatic cancer called B cell cancer, prostate cancer or ovarian cancer, the patient can tolerate that the treatment also kills the healthy cells.
It is fully possible to continue living without B cells, a prostate or ovaries.
Prize-winning target-seeking missile
However, Olweus wants to take it a step further.
"T cells kill in a different way to antibodies or chemotherapy. T cells can thus be highly effective when antibody treatment or chemotherapy does not work. But all treatments involving cells have a high resource consumption. Another goal for our immunotherapy is therefore to use the T cell receptors that work as "Target-seeking missiles."
The research group led by Olweus has found a method to isolate the DNA code for the "target-seeking missiles" and produce them as soluble molecules. This means the treatment can be administered intravenously. A patent has been applied for, and last year the method was awarded the annual innovation prize from the Innovation company Invent2 from the UiO and South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority.
T cells have the potential to be a far better attack weapon than antibodies. Treatment with antibodies primarily prolongs life expectancy. Few of them cure.
"Antibodies have a substantial limitation. They only recognise proteins on the cell surface. In contrast, T cells also recognise proteins inside the cells. The vast majority of proteins are found only inside the cells. The new therapy can be directed at the proteins inside the cells that are important for the survival of the cancer cells. This can be an important innovation in the battle against cancer.
Combined treatment
Johanna Olweus anticipates that this treatment can be given in combination with antibodies, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
In order to determine which proteins the treatment has to attack, the research team has mined databases which compare protein collections in cancer cells and organs from thousands of patients.
"If there is a high concentration of one protein in the organ in which the cancer originates and the protein is practically absent from the other normal organs, we can use this protein as a target for the T cells.
Hope to eradicate cancer
The treatment could solve one of today's greatest problems in cancer therapies. After chemotherapy and radiotherapy, loose cancer cells continue to circulate around the body.
"This immune therapy offers the possibility to also destroy these cancer cells, without harming neighbouring cells. This is important. Our hope for the future is that cancer can be eradicated for good, but we must take this step by step. We anticipate that this treatment can be tailored for all types of cancers in organs that are not essential for us to live such as the prostate, ovaries and breasts. We also anticipate that the treatment can also work against cancer in those organs which today can be transplanted such as blood, kidneys and liver. The hope is that our new treatment can be trialled on patients within a few years," states Johanna Olweus.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Oslo, via AlphaGalileo. The original article was written by Yngve Vogt.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
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Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120203091815.htm
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ScienceDaily (Feb. 1, 2012) ? In recent years, media reports of jellyfish blooms and some scientific publications have fueled the idea that jellyfish and other gelatinous floating creatures are becoming more common and may dominate the seas in coming decades. The growing impacts of humans on the oceans, including overfishing and climate change, have been suggested as possible causes of this apparently alarming trend.
A careful evaluation of the evidence by Robert H. Condon of Dauphin Island Sea Lab and his 16 coauthors, however, finds the idea that jellyfish, comb jellies, salps and similar organisms are surging globally to be lacking support. Rather, Condon and his colleagues suggest, the perception of an increase is the result of more scientific attention being paid to phenomena such as jellyfish blooms and media fascination with the topic. Also important is the lack of good information on their occurrence in the past, which encourages misleading comparisons. Condon and his coauthors describe their findings in the February issue of BioScience.
Such fossil and documentary evidence as is available indicates that occasional spectacular blooms of jellyfish are a normal part of such organisms' natural history, and may be linked to natural climate cycles. But blooms drew less attention in decades and centuries gone by.
Condon and his coauthors do not urge complacency, and acknowledge a lack of consensus among researchers. They point out that changes in populations of jellyfish and similar sea organisms do have important consequences for local marine ecology and could be affected by human activity. For that reason, they are assembling a comprehensive new database that will enable trends in the numbers of such creatures to be assessed and the links to human activity studied. But for now, Condon and his coauthors believe the case for jellyfish-dominated seas in coming decades is not proven.
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/6wpuUiFIZ0k/120201181222.htm
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In an interview with Harper's Bazaar, actress Gwyneth Paltrow reveals that one former boyfriend did her wrong -- repeatedly.
By Us Weekly
Who did Gwyneth wrong?
In the March issue of Harper's Bazaar, cover star Gwyneth Paltrow looks back on her love life before she married Coldplay's Chris Martin and had kids Apple, 7, and Moses, 5.
PHOTOS: Gwyneth's most obnoxious quotes
"I had a boyfriend who used to cheat on me all the time," says the Oscar winner, 39, who dated Brad Pitt from 1994 to 1997, and Ben Affleck from 1997 to 2000. (She tells the mag she was "not happy" in her 20s, when she first became a star and dated Pitt, 48, and Affleck, 39.)
"I was quite naive," she says of being cheated on by her unnamed guy. "I knew on a cellular level, but I bought his story."
PHOTOS: Gwyneth through the years
Although she points out that she and Martin, 34, have been faithful, she says (as she has in the past), "I have friends who I love and admire who have had an affair. When I was younger, I would have said he's a terrible person or she's a terrible person. But who made these laws?"
Paltrow is also famous for her huge roster of A-list pals -- Beyonce, Madonna, Cameron Diaz -- and makes an unnamed reference to one of her mega-famous gal pals.
PHOTOS: Gwyneth's surprise BFFs
"She is an actress and in a new relationship with someone else with a big career," Paltrow teases "And I said 'This may not be feminist, but you have to compromise. It's been all about you and you're a big deal. And if you want what you're saying you want?a family?you have to be a wife, and that is part of the equation. Gloria Steinem may string me up by my toes, but all I can do is my best, and I can do only what works for me and my family."
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College students aren't necessarily renowned for their good judgment, and a new study reinforces that, finding that nearly one in seven co-eds has played the Choking Game, which is every bit as dangerous as it sounds.
Also called the Fainting Game, Pass Out, or Space Monkey, the Choking Game can be played individually or in groups. It consists of manually choking yourself or others, sticking a plastic bag over the head, tying a string around the neck or hyperventilating, all in search of a few seconds of euphoria. (See TIME's health and medicine covers.)
Researchers at The Crime Victims' Institute at Sam Houston State University surveyed 837 students at a Texas university and found that the behavior, which works by cutting off blood flow to the brain in order to induce a high, was frighteningly commonplace:
?16% of students said they'd played the game, and three-quarters more than once
?On average, students first played the game at age 14
?Males were more likely to have played than females
?90% of students who had played the game learned about it from friends, and most students said they first played in a group
Why in the world would kids engage in this potentially deadly behavior? In a word, curiosity. They may also not realize it has the potential to be just as deadly as illegal drugs. The good news is that learning that a number of teens and college students have suffocated to death from playing the Choking Game helped deter students from playing. Parents, talk to your kids. And schools can play a role too: related research found that 90% of parents think that including information about the dangers of the game in school health and drug prevention classes is a smart idea.(MORE: For Teens Who Cut, Going Online Can Sometimes Help)
As the study notes:
"This 'game,' as it is often called, does not require obtaining any drugs or alcohol, is free, and can go undetected by many parents, teachers, physicians, and other authority figures. Most importantly, many of those who engage in this activity, do not understand that the practice can be just as deadly as the illegal substances youth have been warned against."
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